Table S1. Optimal parameters estimated using calibration dataset in MSM, GM, and LM. MSM: Modifid Single Model, GM: Group Model, LM: Local Model, MUP: Mt. Ujang Park, GE: Gangbyeon Expressway, SNC: Seoul National Cemetery, SCGP: Seoul Children’s Grand Park, TB: base temperature, C*: chilling requirement, F*: forcing requirement, °D: degree days.
| Site | MSM | GM | LM |
| TB [°C] | C* [°D] | F* [°D] | Correction factor | TB [°C] | C* [°D] | F* [°D] | TB [°C] | C* [°D] | F* [°D] |
| Mokpo | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 4.4286 | 3.92 | -123.49 | 554.44 | 14.22 | -42.24 | 94.10 |
| Haenam | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 2.1429 | 3.92 | -123.49 | 554.44 | 3.79 | -80.16 | 588.64 |
| Ttangkkeut | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 4.8571 | 3.92 | -123.49 | 554.44 | 4.94 | -181.70 | 481.13 |
| Wando | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 1.8571 | 3.92 | -123.49 | 554.44 | 5.21 | -178.54 | 446.94 |
| Namhae | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 7.1429 | 10.60 | -172.01 | 205.76 | 4.36 | -132.62 | 599.57 |
| Jinju | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 5.0000 | 10.60 | -172.01 | 205.76 | 3.97 | -159.98 | 567.58 |
| Miryang | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 5.5714 | 10.60 | -172.01 | 205.76 | 3.23 | -149.05 | 576.53 |
| Cheongdo | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 1.2857 | 10.60 | -172.01 | 205.76 | 14.18 | -75.43 | 83.28 |
| Chungju | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -5.3333 | 6.28 | -67.99 | 363.91 | 12.11 | -105.04 | 112.63 |
| Jecheon | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -5.5000 | 6.28 | -67.99 | 363.91 | 3.33 | -96.90 | 478.46 |
| Yanggu | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 1.6667 | 6.28 | -67.99 | 363.91 | 14.59 | -43.06 | 100.08 |
| Chuncheon | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -3.3333 | 6.28 | -67.99 | 363.91 | 3.77 | -57.31 | 494.26 |
| Hongcheon | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 6.1667 | 6.28 | -67.99 | 363.91 | 2.63 | -109.88 | 598.12 |
| Hoengseong | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -7.5000 | 6.28 | -67.99 | 363.91 | 4.25 | -166.55 | 340.00 |
| Wonju | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 1.3333 | 6.28 | -67.99 | 363.91 | 13.72 | -99.29 | 101.94 |
| Mt. Gwanak | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -11.1429 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 5.35 | -117.27 | 280.60 |
| SNC | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -6.5714 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 6.71 | -54.75 | 298.41 |
| Mt. Nam | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 1.4286 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 8.16 | -189.40 | 280.36 |
| GE | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -3.0000 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 12.87 | -52.65 | 112.24 |
| MUP | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -1.0000 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 2.60 | -62.26 | 563.74 |
| Seooreung | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 6.1429 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 3.73 | -102.57 | 568.75 |
| Jeongneung | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -1.8571 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 6.89 | -52.99 | 328.71 |
| Mt. Bukak | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 2.4286 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 7.76 | -45.99 | 318.34 |
| Hongneung | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | 0.1667 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 14.80 | -67.51 | 72.09 |
| SCGP | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -3.1429 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 13.73 | -40.13 | 91.41 |
| Taereung | 8.86 | -138.95 | 247.73 | -3.5000 | 3.28 | -52.45 | 527.81 | 15.00 | -59.21 | 63.56 |