Table 1. Species frequency and abundance (cover and germinant density) in understory and seedbanks (with soil depth) of study sites. Standard deviations for each parameter were omitted for visual clearance.

Species Hab. Ori. Understory vegetation Upper soil Lower soil
Frequency (%) Cover (%) Frequency (%) Density (n m−2) Frequency (%) Density (n m−2)
Tree
Acer pseudosieboldianum F N 48.1 1.8
Euonymus oxyphyllus F N 29.6 0.1
Pinus koraiensis F N 25.9 0.1
Carpinus cordata F N 18.5 0.5 3.7 19
Lindera obtusiloba F N 18.5 0.3
Sorbus alnifolia F N 14.8 0.1
Quercus serrata F N 14.8 t
Styrax obassia F N 11.1 0.1
Carpinus laxiflora F N 11.1 t
Symplocos chinensis f. pilosa E N 7.4 0.4
Celtis jessoensis F N 7.4 0.1
Fraxinus rhynchophylla F N 7.4 0.1
Styrax japonicus F N 7.4 t
Cornus kousa F N 3.7 0.1
Castanea crenata F N 3.7 t
Prunus serrulate var. spontanea F N 3.7 t
Acer pictum subsp. Mono F N 3.7 t
Quercus mongolica F N 3.7 t
Paulownia coreana E N 29.6 226 22.2 132
Aralia elata E N 22.2 189 14.8 75
Morus bombycis F N 18.5 170
Pinus densiflora F N 3.7 19
Salix koreensis E N 3.7 19
Shrub
Callicarpa japonica E N 33.3 1.8 25.9 358 37 280
Viburnum erosum E N 33.3 1
Weigela subsessilis E N 7.4 t 55.6 1,852 44.4 1,229
Stephanandra incisa E N 7.4 0.1 29.6 226 25.9 245
Lonicera praeflorens F N 7.4 t
Deutzia parviflora E N 3.7 0.3
Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum F N 3.7 0.1
Clerodendrum trichotomum E N 3.7 t
Rubus phoenicolasius E N 25.9 207 11.1 57
Lespedeza bicolor E N 18.5 94 22.2 132
Zanthoxylum schinifolium F N 18.5 94 3.7 19
Rhus javanica F N 14.8 94 7.4 38
Lespedeza maximowiczii F N 3.7 19
Forb
Disporum smilacinum F N 92.6 0.8
Ainsliaea acerifolia F N 40.7 1.1
Smilax nipponica F N 33.3 0.1
Pseudostellaria palibiniana F N 22.2 0.1
Viola rossii F N 11.1 t 7.4 38
Arisaema amurense f. serratum F N 11.1 t
Asarum sieboldii F N 7.4 t
Isodon inflexus E N 7.4 t
Viola mandshurica R N 3.7 0.1 3.7 19
Allium sacculiferum E N 3.7 t
Ajuga spectabilis F N 3.7 t
Convallaria keiskei F N 3.7 t
Hepatica asiatica F N 3.7 t
Pimpinella brachycarpa F N 3.7 t
Pyrola japonica F N 3.7 t
Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica E N 3.7 t
Persicaria lapathifolia R N 3.7 t
Silene seoulensis F N 3.7 t
Syneilesis palmata F N 3.7 t
Lysimachia clethroides E N 51.9 2,630 55.6 2,756
Duchesnea indica R N 18.5 132
Cardamine flexuosa R N 14.8 113 11.1 57
Potentilla fragarioides var. major R N 14.8 75 7.4 38
Crepidiastrum denticulatum E N 14.8 94 3.7 19
Viola albida F N 14.8 113
Erigeron annuus R E 14.8 75
Hypericum erectum E N 7.4 38 3.7 19
Conyza canadensis R E 7.4 38
Patrinia villosa R N 7.4 38
Youngia japonica R N 7.4 38
Erechtites hieracifolia R E 3.7 19 7.4 38
Lindernia procumbens R N 3.7 19 3.7 19
Artemisia stolonifera E N 3.7 19
Artemisia keiskeana E N 3.7 19
Commelina communis R N 3.7 19
Persicaria hydropiper R N 3.7 19
Teucrium viscidum var. miquelianum E N 3.7 19
Viola acuminata R N 3.7 19
Desmodium podocarpum var. mandshuricum E N 3.7 19
Hemistepta lyrata R N 3.7 19
Physaliastrum japonicum F N 3.7 19
Viola keiskei F N 3.7 19
Graminoid
Oplismenus undulatifolius E N 51.9 0.3 25.9 132 3.7 19
Carex siderosticta F N 7.4 0.1 14.8 75 11.1 57
Carex breviculmis F N 7.4 t
Diarrhena fauriei F N 3.7 t 3.7 19
Carex humilis var. nana F N 3.7 t
Calamagrostis arundinacea E N 3.7 t
Carex sp. F N 48.1 717 40.7 529
Vine
Smilax sieboldii F N 25.9 0.1
Smilax riparia var. ussuriensis F N 14.8 0.1
Actinidia arguta E N 11.1 t 14.8 245 14.8 75
Parthenocissus tricuspidata E N 3.7 t
Schisandra chinensis E N 3.7 t
Solanum lyratum E N 3.7 19 7.4 38
Clematis trichotoma E N 3.7 19 3.7 19
Pteridophyta
Athyrium spp. E N 11.1 0.4 3.7 19 14.8 75
Polystichum tripteron F N 7.4 1.1