Table 5. Performance measures for diameter and cross-section area by model type.

Target	Performance measure	Mixed-effects	Mixed-effects with CAR(1)	Fixed-effects
Diameter	BIAS	−0.0081 (26.4)a	−0.0405b (−268.2)	−0.0110
	MAB	0.4818 (42.9)	0.7428 (11.9)	0.8434
	RMSE	0.6262 (43.1)	0.9557 (13.2)	1.1013
	FI	0.9959 (0.9)	0.9905 (0.3)	0.9874
Cross-section area	BIAS	0.3081 (67.7)	0.3892 (59.1)	0.9526b
	MAB	12.9252 (44.7)	20.8221 (10.9)	23.3781
	RMSE	19.8885 (45.8)	32.3607 (11.8)	36.6726
	FI	0.9959 (1.0)	0.9892 (0.3)	0.9861

The number in the parenthesis represents the percentage by which the corresponding model improves the fixed-effects one.
Biased determined by t-test at α = 0.05.