Table 6. Performance measures for diameter and cross-section area by model type and relative height class.
| Target | Relative height classa | Mixed-effects | Fixed-effects |
| BIAS | MAB | RMSE | FI | BIAS | MAB | RMSE | FI |
| Diameter | 0.025 | 0.0314 (84.2)b | 0.3685 (69.8) | 0.4889 (68.7) | 0.9968 (3.1) | 0.1991 | 1.2208 | 1.5600 | 0.9670 |
| 0.05 | 0.2392 (−40.6) | 0.4955 (33.9) | 0.6730 (31.4) | 0.9907 (1.1) | 0.1701 | 0.7491 | 0.9808 | 0.9803 |
| 0.1 | −0.3022 (3.8) | 0.4773 (12.8) | 0.5888 (11.8) | 0.9933 (0.2) | −0.3140 | 0.5471 | 0.6679 | 0.9914 |
| 0.2 | 0.1344 (−16.5) | 0.4415 (33.7) | 0.5771 (34.0) | 0.9929 (0.9) | 0.1154 | 0.6664 | 0.8750 | 0.9838 |
| 0.3 | 0.1085 (−103.9) | 0.4525 (36.7) | 0.5844 (37.8) | 0.9920 (1.3) | 0.0532 | 0.7145 | 0.9389 | 0.9792 |
| 0.4 | 0.0299 (9.7) | 0.5005 (38.5) | 0.6376 (38.9) | 0.9858 (2.5) | 0.0331 | 0.8132 | 1.0442 | 0.9619 |
| 0.5 | −0.1095 (16.5) | 0.5183 (41.4) | 0.6692 (39.3) | 0.9818 (3.3) | −0.1312 | 0.8847 | 1.1033 | 0.9504 |
| 0.6 | −0.1581 (6.5) | 0.5531 (43.2) | 0.7047 (41.8) | 0.9721 (5.9) | −0.1691 | 0.9746 | 1.2108 | 0.9177 |
| 0.7 | 0.0250 (49.5) | 0.4433 (53.4) | 0.5758 (52.6) | 0.9760 (9.3) | 0.0495 | 0.9512 | 1.2160 | 0.8929 |
| 0.8 | 0.1237 (−30.3) | 0.4579 (52.8) | 0.5887 (52.9) | 0.9653 (14.4) | 0.0949 | 0.9699 | 1.2486 | 0.8441 |
| 0.9 | −0.0125 (63.6) | 0.5481 (41.2) | 0.7038 (40.5) | 0.9245 (17.5) | −0.0343 | 0.9326 | 1.1835 | 0.7865 |
| 1.0 | −0.0605 (37.8) | 0.5554 (17.5) | 0.7295 (14.9) | 0.7259 (16.9) | −0.0973 | 0.6731 | 0.8577 | 0.6211 |
| Cross-section area | 0.025 | −0.0692 (101.5) | 16.5335 (70.1) | 22.9821 (68.7) | 0.9968 (3.1) | 4.5644 | 55.2134 | 73.5414 | 0.9671 |
| 0.05 | 11.7285 (−37.5) | 22.9883 (33.1) | 33.5608 (30.5) | 0.9897 (1.1) | 8.5320 | 34.3818 | 48.2985 | 0.9786 |
| 0.1 | −11.3460 (2.8) | 17.3223 (8.2) | 22.9259 (2.0) | 0.9933 (0.0) | −11.6759 | 18.8681 | 23.4045 | 0.9930 |
| 0.2 | 6.9286 (9.0) | 17.4438 (34.6) | 25.4042 (33.8) | 0.9903 (1.3) | 7.6108 | 26.6709 | 38.3540 | 0.9778 |
| 0.3 | 4.0948 (−4.4) | 14.6331 (39.1) | 20.7979 (40.8) | 0.9909 (1.7) | 3.9233 | 24.0446 | 35.1342 | 0.9739 |
| 0.4 | 0.8419 (61.4) | 15.6621 (39.4) | 21.6248 (40.4) | 0.9833 (3.2) | 2.1827 | 25.8495 | 36.2989 | 0.9529 |
| 0.5 | −2.5471 (−23.3) | 13.5354 (42.3) | 19.5459 (39.3) | 0.9773 (4.1) | −2.0654 | 23.4667 | 32.1851 | 0.9384 |
| 0.6 | −3.4236 (−26.8) | 12.7644 (42.8) | 17.9326 (40.6) | 0.9646 (7.2) | −2.7005 | 22.3235 | 30.2043 | 0.8996 |
| 0.7 | 1.1112 (55.2) | 8.4518 (53.8) | 12.0786 (52.8) | 0.9724 (11.0) | 2.4824 | 18.2897 | 25.6040 | 0.8762 |
| 0.8 | 2.6013 (19.4) | 6.6099 (53.7) | 9.6522 (53.9) | 0.9595 (18.5) | 3.2287 | 14.2757 | 20.9404 | 0.8095 |
| 0.9 | 1.0071 (35.9) | 5.1809 (42.5) | 7.8109 (43.6) | 0.9153 (24.8) | 1.5718 | 9.0116 | 13.8593 | 0.7334 |
| 1.0 | −0.4965 (−61.9) | 2.3512 (18.1) | 4.0704 (11.1) | 0.7010 (12.8) | −0.3066 | 2.8704 | 4.5803 | 0.6214 |
| Diameter | 0.025 | 0.1117 (84.2)b | 1.3122 (69.8) | 1.7413 (68.7) | 0.7089 | 4.3476 | 5.5558 |
| 0.05 | 0.8471 (−40.6) | 1.7546 (33.8) | 2.3828 (31.4) | 0.6024 | 2.6523 | 3.4730 |
| 0.1 | −1.3525 (3.8) | 2.1363 (12.8) | 2.6353 (11.8) | −1.4052 | 2.4485 | 2.9890 |
| 0.2 | 0.5779 (−16.5) | 1.8992 (33.7) | 2.4822 (34.0) | 0.4962 | 2.8663 | 3.7637 |
| 0.3 | 0.5541 (−104.0) | 2.3112 (36.7) | 2.9852 (37.8) | 0.2716 | 3.6497 | 4.7960 |
| 0.4 | 0.1589 (9.5) | 2.6576 (38.5) | 3.3853 (38.9) | 0.1756 | 4.3178 | 5.5441 |
| 0.5 | −0.6962 (16.5) | 3.2948 (41.4) | 4.2539 (39.3) | −0.8340 | 5.6235 | 7.0133 |
| 0.6 | −1.1535 (6.5) | 4.0367 (43.2) | 5.1432 (41.8) | −1.2340 | 7.1129 | 8.8364 |
| 0.7 | 0.2185 (49.4) | 3.8674 (53.4) | 5.0233 (52.6) | 0.4321 | 8.2985 | 10.6086 |
| 0.8 | 1.4232 (−30.3) | 5.2690 (52.8) | 6.7744 (52.9) | 1.0920 | 11.1609 | 14.3682 |
| 0.9 | −0.2262 (63.5) | 9.9079 (41.2) | 12.7233 (40.5) | −0.6198 | 16.8580 | 21.3947 |
| 1.0 | −2.6325 (37.9) | 24.1764 (17.5) | 31.7524 (14.9) | −4.2369 | 29.2954 | 37.3333 |
| Cross-section area | 0.025 | −0.0102 (101.5) | 2.4418 (70.1) | 3.3942 (68.7) | 0.6741 | 8.1544 | 10.8612 |
| 0.05 | 1.7643 (−37.5) | 3.4581 (33.1) | 5.0486 (30.5) | 1.2835 | 5.1721 | 7.2656 |
| 0.1 | −2.6213 (2.8) | 4.0020 (8.2) | 5.2967 (2.0) | −2.6975 | 4.3592 | 5.4073 |
| 0.2 | 1.5011 (9.0) | 3.7791 (34.6) | 5.5037 (33.8) | 1.6488 | 5.7782 | 8.3093 |
| 0.3 | 1.2248 (−4.4) | 4.3767 (39.1) | 6.2206 (40.8) | 1.1735 | 7.1917 | 10.5086 |
| 0.4 | 0.2796 (61.4) | 5.2024 (39.4) | 7.1830 (40.4) | 0.7250 | 8.5863 | 12.0572 |
| 0.5 | −1.1922 (−23.3) | 6.3353 (42.3) | 9.1486 (39.3) | −0.9667 | 10.9837 | 15.0644 |
| 0.6 | −2.1205 (−26.8) | 7.9058 (42.8) | 11.1068 (40.6) | −1.6726 | 13.8264 | 18.7075 |
| 0.7 | 0.9744 (55.2) | 7.4118 (53.8) | 10.5923 (52.8) | 2.1770 | 16.0391 | 22.4534 |
| 0.8 | 3.8734 (19.4) | 9.8421 (53.7) | 14.3722 (53.9) | 4.8076 | 21.2566 | 31.1804 |
| 0.9 | 3.4506 (35.9) | 17.7510 (42.5) | 26.7621 (43.6) | 5.3854 | 30.8759 | 47.4855 |
| 1.0 | −8.7566 (−62.0) | 41.4635 (18.1) | 71.7815 (11.1) | −5.4069 | 50.6200 | 80.7747 |
Relative height classes: 0.025 = (0, 0.025], 0.05 = (0.025, 0.05], 0.1 = (0.05, 0.1], 0.2 = (0.1, 0.2], …, 0.9 = (0.8, 0.9], 1.0 = (0.9, 1.0]
The number in the parenthesis represents the percentage by which the mixed-effects model improves the fixed-effects one.