Table 1. General characteristics of the study sites.

Site	Treatment	Location	Elevation(m)	Aspect	Dominant vegetation	Stand age	Stand density(tree ha−1)	DBH(cm)	Height(m)	Basal area(m2 ha−1)
1	Red pine stand	35°25′35″N127°50′31″E	310	E	Pinus densiflora	47	1,100	29.2	14.3	80.1
	Restoration area				Festuca arundinacea	-*	-	-	-	-
2	Red pine stand	35°25′39″N127°50′36″E	280	E	Pinus densiflora	46	1,100	25.7	21.0	60.6
	Restoration area				Lespedeza cuneata	-	-	-	-	-
3	Red pine stand	35°25′44″N127°50′46″E	310	E	Pinus densiflora	42	1,000	25.5	17.0	52.2
	Restoration area				Festuca arundinacea	-	-	-	-	-
4	Red pine stand	35°25′51″N127°50′37″E	290	NE	Pinus densiflora	39	900	24.6	11.5	47.4
	Restoration area				Lespedeza cuneata	-	-	-	-	-
5	Red pine stand	35°26′54″N127°49′45″E	470	W	Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida	42	1,000	26.4	17.1	55.7
	Restoration area				Quercus acutissima, Festuca arundinacea	-	-	-	-	-
6	Red pine stand	35°26′55″N127°49′48″E	450	W	Pinus densiflora	42	1,200	23.9	16.1	58.3
	Restoration area				Pinus koraiensis, Festuca arundinacea	-	-	-	-	-
Mean Red pine stand		-	-	-	-	43.0(1.21)	1,050(43)	25.9(0.75)	16.2(1.29)	59.1(4.62)

-^*: not determined. Values in parenthesis are standard error.