Table 2. Effects of forest healing program by index.

Categories Outcome Research No.
Significant Not significant
Psychological Indicate Self-Esteem 9,14(Rosenberg)
Depression 1,14,16(BDI),6(GDS),7,9(GDSSF-K),12(CESD-11)
Mental health 2(SCL-90-R)
Daily life capability 3(K-ADL)
Normal ability 3(Trower: Communication, Social behavior)
Quality of Life 1(SF-36),20(QoL)
Profile of Mood States 17,18(POMS: Depression, Anger, Confusion) 17(POMS: Tension),
17(POMS: Fatigue, Vigor),18(POMS: Tension) 18(POMS: Fatigue, Vigor)
Stress 16(SRI)
Resilience 13(KRQ-53: Self-regulation ability, Interpersonal ability, Positivity effect)
Cognitive Indicate Memory complaints 7
Cognitive function 1,3(MMSE-K)
Physiological Indicate Brainwave 3,13(Self-regulation ability, Antistress quotient),
3(Attention quotient, Emotion quotient, Brain quotient), 21(Alpha,Beta band power)
21(Median frequency, alpha/beta ratio)
HRV 19,21(LF), 21(HF) 21(LF, LF/(LF+HF))
Blood pressure 15,17,19(SBP, DBP) 20(SBP, DBP)
Pulmonary function 15(FEV1, FEV6)
Cardio-ankle vascular 15(CAVI)
Biochemical Indicate Melatonin 4 2
Blood glucose 10
Cortisol 20
Cardiovascular diseases 17(Homocysteine, ET-1, AGT, ANG Π, ATI, AT2, Renin),18(BNP) 18(NT-ProBNP)
Inflammatory response 17,18(IL-6), 18(MDA, T-SOD) 17,18(TNF-a), 18(HCRP)
Physical Indicate Burn muscle mass 6
Born mineral density 8
Fat mass 6,16 21(Fat-free mass, Body fat, mass, Percent body fat)
Functional fitness 5(stand up and sit down, 2-min step walk, 8-feet walk), 11(Flexibility of lower-body, Agility, Dynamic balance, Cardiorespiratory endurance), 21 5(Beck stretch, Chair sit and reach)11(Flexibility of upper-body)
Gait pattern 5,11
Muscular strength 5,8(knee), 11(lower-body) 11(upper-body)
Muscular endurance 8
Balance ability 5(Right, Left) 5(Anterior)
Wight & BMI 16 11
Muscle mass 16
BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; CAVI: Cardio-ankle vascular index; DGS: Geriatric Depression Scale; EEG: Electroencephlogram; G DSSF-K: Geriatric Depression Scale From Korea Version; CESD-11: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-11; SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist-90-Revised; K-ADL: Activity of Daily Living; SF-36: 36-Item Short-Form health survey; QoL: Quality of Life; POMS: Profile Of Mood States; SRI: Stress Response Inventory; LF: Power of low Frequency; HF: Power of high Frequency; KRQ-53: Korean Resilience Quotient Test; FEV1: Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second; FEV6: Forced Expiratory Volume in Six Second; CAVI: Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index; ET-1: Endothelin-1; AGT: Angiotensinogen; ANG Π: Angiotensin II; ATI: Angiotensin II type 1 receptor; AT2: Angiotensin II type 2 receptor; BNP: Brain natriuretic peptide; NT-ProBNP: N Terminal-Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide; IL-6: InterLeukin-6; MDA: Activity and Malondialdehyde; T-SOD: Total Super Oxide Dismutase; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factors α; HCRP: High sensitive C Reactive Protein; MMSE-K: Mini Mental State Examination