Table 1. Key Legislative Provisions of the Baekdudaegan Protection Area and Odaesan National Park.

Classification Baekdu-daegan Protection Area Odaesan National Park
Time of designation 2005 1975
Purpose of designation Prevention of damage from indiscriminate development, preservation of the land, and creation of a pleasant natural environment. Conservation of natural ecosystems, natural and cultural landscapes, and promotion of sustainable use.
Permitted Activities Core Districts Buffer Districts Nature Conservation Districts Natural Environment Districts

Installation of national defense and military facilities

Excavation of war remains

Installation of essential public facilities

Installation of facilities for ecological restoration and forest protection

Restoration of national heritage and traditional temples

Installation of new and renewable energy facilities

Mining development (under specific conditions)

Installation of farmhouses and residential facilities for local residents

Activities permitted in Baekdudaegan Core District

Establishment of arboretums, natural recreation forests, and healing forests

Installation of forest roads and forest management-related facilities

Installation of education, research, and technology development facilities

Extension and reconstruction of houses for farmers and fishermen, as well as religious facilities

Installation of electricity, oil, and gas supply facilities

Establishment of private graves and family burial sites

Minimal actions for academic research, nature conservation, or cultural heritage preservation

Installation of minimal park facilities as prescribed by Presidential Decree

Installation of essential military, communication, navigational, and wildfire prevention facilities

Restoration of temples and installation of facilities in traditional temple preservation areas following verification procedures

Minimal projects under the Erosion Control Work Act

Harvesting of forest products through agreements

Activities permitted in the Nature Conservation District

Installation of park facilities and park projects

Creation of farmland or grassland and installation of auxiliary facilities

Primary industry activities such as agriculture and livestock farming

Afforestation, logging, ecosystem restoration, and forestry projects

Expansion, reconstruction, and rebuilding of existing structures

Military training and installation of farm roads and embankments

Installation of private graves (under specific conditions)