Table 2. Influence of soil water restriction on contents of isoflavonoids (calycosin-7-O-glucoside, methylnissolin-3-O-β-d- glucopyranoside, and calycosin) and saponins (astragaloside I and astragaloside IV) accumulated in hairy roots of Astragalus membranaceus subjected to different water conditions over seven weeks.

Marker compounds of Astragali radix extracts	C	T1	T2
	(mg/g DW)
calycosin-7-O-glucoside	0.12 ± 0.01 c	0.16 ± 0.00 b	0.19 ± 0.00 a
methylnissolin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside	0.22 ± 0.00 c	0.26 ± 0.00 a	0.25 ± 0.00 b
calycosin	ND	0.04 ± 0.00	0.04 ± 0.00
astragalosideIV	0.20 ± 0.00 a	0.20 ± 0.00 a	0.18 ± 0.00 b
astragalosideI	5.44 ± 0.04 a	4.87 ± 0.10 b	4.07 ± 0.04 c

Data were analyzed using Tukey’s HSD test. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of 5 replicates. Means sharing the same letters are not significantly different (p < 0.05). ND indicates “Not Detected.” Treatments are defined as follows: C represents field capacity; T1 corresponds to 50~55% of available soil water content; and T2 denotes 20~25% of available soil water content.