Table 1. Summary of forest and socioeconomic indicators in study areas.

Category Definition Gapyeong Pyeongchang Bonghwa Source
Ecological Zone Classification based on temperature, oceanicity, topography, geology, history, and land-use patterns Central mountain-foothill zone: Central area of the country with balanced distribution of water, farmland, and forests Mountain zone: Region formed by the Taebaek and Sobaek Mountains along the Baekdudaegan ridge, with high elevation and many natural monuments Southeastern mountain-foothill zone: Area influenced by the Sobaek Mountains *Forest & Forestry Technique*, Kim Dong-geun, 2000 (KFS, Private Forest Division)
Forest Coverage Rate Proportion of forest area within the region 80.99% (68,332 ha out of 84,366 ha) 81.35% (119,088 ha out of 146,396 ha) 81.47% (97,933 ha out of 120,210 ha) KFS
Proportion of National Forests Share of national forest area within the region 13.5% (9,200 ha) 58.1% (69,217 ha) 53.8% (52,666 ha) KFS
Status of Absentee Landowners Proportion of absentee forest owners in the region (Gyeonggi) 42.9% (Gangwon) 63.2% (Gyeongbuk) 62.5% Forest Statistics System, 2019
Growing Stock per ha (㎥) Timber volume per hectare 164.77 187.43 174.05 KFS (Forest Statistics System)
Household Income (KRW 10,000) Average household income (annual) 71,230 54,590 56,060
Forestry Household Income (KRW 10,000) Average income of forestry households 48,240 31,510 29,220
Number of Workers Forestry industry workers / Total number of workers (persons) 222,356 / 5,994,570 48,401 / 714,310 47,682 / 1,234,314
Distance from Capital Region Relative distance to the Seoul Capital Area Close Intermediate Distant
De Jure Population Officially registered population (persons) 62,274 40,533 29,531 Statistics Korea
De Facto Population Actual residing or floating population (persons) 486,652 315,609 67,095
De Facto Population Multiplier Ratio of de facto to de jure population 7.81 7.79 2.27
Mountain Village Extinction Grade Grade 4: At risk of extinction, Grade 5: High extinction risk Grade 4–5 Grade 5 Grade 5 KFS