Table 3. Evaluation indicators for mountain villages considering socio-economic and ecological factors.

Major Category	Subcategory		Data or Evaluation Technique	Description and Analysis Method		Data Source
Socio-Economic Factors	Urban Accessibility		Urbanized Area Boundary	Applied Euclidean distance based on the boundary of urbanized areas: closer = closer to 1, farther = closer to 0		National Spatial Information Portal (2022)
	Population		Resident Population	Population data compiled at the county level is allocated based on the proportion of urbanized area within 100m grid		Statistics Korea (2024)
			De facto Population
	Forestry Income		Forestry Management Entity Data	Estimated forestry income based on registration status (forest area) of forestry management entities		KFS (2024), Private Forest Management Division
	Road Accessibility		Forest Road Network, National Road Link	-		KFS, National Transport Info Center (2021)
Ecosystem Services	Provisioning	Water Supply	InVEST WaterYield Model	Land Cover Map	2019 Land Cover Classification Map	Ministry of Environment (2020)
				Annual Precipitation	Interpolated map based on 10-year average rainfall	Korea Meteorological Administration (2023)
				Annual Reference Evapotranspiration	Approximate values between 1950–2010	CGIAR-CSI (2023)
				Soil Water Content	Amount of moisture available to plants	Rural Development Administration (2023)
				Effective Soil Depth	Depth limit for vegetation roots; Forest Site Classification and Soil Map	KFS, WAMIS (2023)
				Watershed Map	-	WAMIS
				Seasonal Factor	Applied value of 15 using average number of rainfall days	Sharp et al. (2020)
				Biophysical Coefficient	Determined by land cover types	Sharp et al. (2020)
		Timber	Forest Healthiness (Forest Type, Site Quality)			KFS (2021)
	Regulating	Climate Regulation	InVEST Carbon Model	Land Cover Map	Land cover classification for 1989, 2009, 2019	Ministry of Environment
				Biophysical Coefficient	Carbon sequestration coefficient by land cover types, modified based on Sharp et al. (2020)	Sharp et al. (2020)
		Erosion Control	Landslide Risk Map	Applied 5-grade risk rating		KFS (2019)
		Forest Fire Regulation	Forest Fire Risk Map	Applied 5-grade fire risk rating		KFS (2022)
	Supporting	Ecosystem Quality	Eco-Natural Map	Evaluation of flora, fauna, wetlands		Ministry of Environment (2023)
	Cultural	Landscape	Ridge Accessibility	Euclidean distance		National Geographic Information Institute (2020)
		Tourism	100 Famous Mountains	Euclidean distance		KFS
			Forest Recreation Facilities	Arboreta, forest bathing parks, healing forests, etc.		KFS (2022)
		Market Accessibility	Highway IC Accessibility	Euclidean distance		National Geographic Information Institute (2020)
Boundary			Forest Watershed Area	Integrated Forest Management Zone (eup/myeon unit)		Korea Rural Economic Institute (2023)

To enable comparative evaluation across the three study areas, the factor scores were standardized to a range between 0 and 1 within each region. This standardization facilitated the identification of functionally dominant characteristics unique to each region, while also allowing for the spatial analysis of prevailing functions within sub-regional units.