| Species | Suitable ecosystems / site conditions | Primary products & functions |
|---|---|---|
| Degraded mineral soils, including ex-burned areas Coastal zones Emerging evidence: adaptable on rewetted, shallow-peat margins | High-oil seeds for biodiesel and SAF feedstock Timber Honey | |
| Degraded drylands Mine reclamation sites Coastal drylands Agroforestry systems requiring hardy, drought-tolerant species | High-oil seeds for biodiesel and SAF Nitrogen fixation Shade & microclimate improvement Fodder | |
| Degraded drylands Marginal lands Mixed bioenergy agroforestry systems | High-oil seeds for biodiesel Natural pest deterrent Potential SAF input | |
| Degraded drylands Sloping land Coffee and cacao agroforestry zones Erosion-prone soils | Fodder Green manure / mulch Fuelwood Shade tree (coffee/cacao) Soil organic matter and nitrogen improvement | |
| Bamboo species (e.g. | Drylands Steep slopes Erosion-prone areas Degraded mosaic landscapes | Biomass for biochar and pellets Construction material Edible shoots Rapid soil stabilization |
| Rewetted peatlands Paludiculture systems Forest-peat mosaic landscapes | Latex Timber Integrated paludiculture crop synergy (rice, pineapple, fish) Peat soil conservation | |
| Agro-rubber systems ( | Humid lowlands Mosaic agroforestry landscapes in Sumatra and Kalimantan Degraded former rubber areas | Latex Timber (e.g. Fruit (durian, others) Long-term carbon storage |
| Shade trees for coffee/cacao (e.g. | Humid uplands Moderately sloping land Marginal cacao/coffee landscapes | Coffee and cacao yield improvement Microclimate regulation Reduced pest pressure Timber/fruit secondary products |
| Short-cycle intercrops (cassava, maize, legumes, rice) | Light/medium degraded mineral soils Early-phase agroforestry establishment | Staple food crops Early cashflow Soil nitrogen contribution (legumes) |