Table 5. LMM results (β ± SE) for four understory species significantly related to native tree basal area (BA), density, and year.

Species	Mean Cover (%)	Native species BA (m2/ha)	Native species Density (stems/ha)	Year
Styrax japonicus	2.85	−1.900 (0.931)*	+0.0290 (0.0079)***	−2.002 (0.917)*
Parthenocissus tricuspidata	0.22	+1.527 (0.413)***	−0.0134 (0.0035)***	+1.162 (0.446)**
Pinus rigida	0.13	+0.787 (0.387)*	−0.0016 (0.0033)	+6.197 (0.509)***
Styrax obassia	0.23	+0.659 (0.263)*	−0.0057 (0.0022)*	+0.087 (0.383)

β: regression coefficient (positive = increase, negative = decrease), SE: standard error
p<0.001
p<0.01
p<0.05